Are you wondering what the most common gynaecological cancer is?
Learn the key facts, symptoms, and why early detection matters in this expert, accessible guide.
What is the Most Common Gynaecological Cancer?
If you’ve been searching for information on gynaecological cancer, you’re not alone. It’s a topic that affects many women, yet it can feel overwhelming or confusing.
The term ‘gynaecological cancer’ covers several different types of cancer that affect the female reproductive system. Among them, endometrial cancer – also known as womb cancer – is the most common.
Understanding what this means, how it presents, and what symptoms and signs to look out for can make a real difference. Whether you’re concerned about symptoms, supporting someone who’s been diagnosed, or simply looking to understand more about women’s health, this article will walk you through the essentials in a straightforward, compassionate way.
What is a Gynaecological Cancer?
Gynaecological cancers are any cancers that begin in a woman’s reproductive organs. This includes the:
- Uterus (womb)
- Ovaries
- Cervix
- Vagina
- Vulva
- Fallopian tubes (ovarian cancer is often thought to start in the fallopian tubes)
Each has its own causes, symptoms, and treatment options. However, endometrial cancer, which starts in the lining of the womb, is currently the most diagnosed in Ireland and the UK.
Endometrial Cancer: The Most Common Gynaecological Cancer
Quick Facts:
- Also known as: womb cancer or uterine cancer
- Most commonly affects: postmenopausal women
- Risk increases with: age, obesity, oestrogen-only HRT, not having any pregnancies and certain medical conditions.
According to The Irish Cancer Society approximately 570 women are diagnosed with cancer of the womb ever year in Ireland. The Northern Ireland Cancer Registry has estimated that approximately 263 women are diagnosed with cancer of the womb in Northern Ireland every year. These figures make cancer of the womb the leading cause of gynaecological cancer on the island of Ireland.
What Are the Symptoms of Endometrial Cancer?
The most common symptom is abnormal vaginal bleeding
- Especially after the menopause: THIS IS NOT NORMAL
- Between periods, particularly in perimenopause
- After sex
Other symptoms can include:
- Pelvic pain or pressure
- Pain during intercourse
- Unusual vaginal discharge
- Difficulty urinating or changes in bowel habits (in advanced cases)
🛑 Important: Any unusual bleeding, especially after menopause, should always be checked by a GP. Early diagnosis leads to better outcomes. 🛑
Who is Most at Risk?
Understanding risk factors can help with early detection. These include:
- Being over 50
- Obesity
- Type 2 diabetes
- Having never been pregnant (pregnancy and contraception is protective against cancer of the womb)
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- Taking oestrogen-only hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (all women with a womb should be on a combined HRT: oestrogen and progesterone)
- Family history of womb or colon (bowel) cancer
- Lynch Syndrome: 10–15% of cancers of the womb. This genetic cancer can also cause colorectal (bowel) cancer.
Not everyone with these risk factors will develop cancer, but being aware helps you make informed health decisions.
How is Endometrial Cancer Diagnosed?
Your GP may recommend the following if you’re experiencing symptoms:
- Pelvic examination
- Transvaginal or Transabdominal pelvic ultrasound scan – to examine the lining of the womb
- Endometrial biopsy – a sample of the lining of the womb is taken for analysis
- Hysteroscopy – a small camera inserted through the vagina and cervix into the womb to examine and collect samples (done with or without an anaesthetic)
Early diagnosis often means the cancer is treatable with surgery alone, usually a hysterectomy. More advanced stages may require radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.
The good news is that if diagnosed early it is extremely unlikely that endometrial cancer will reduce your life expectancy.
Can You Prevent Gynaecological Cancer?
While there’s no guaranteed way to prevent cancer, you can reduce your risk:
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Exercise regularly
- Manage underlying conditions like diabetes or PCOS
- Use combined HRT (not oestrogen-only)
- Attend all cervical screening appointments (for cervical cancer detection)
- Report any unusual bleeding or discharge to your GP early
- Check your extended family history on both sides of your family (you don’t just inherit gynaecological cancers from your mother’s side of the family)
Other Common Types of Gynaecological Cancer
While endometrial cancer tops the list, it’s helpful to know about others too:
Cervical Cancer
- Often affects younger women
- Is more common in women with a low immune system
- Preventable through HPV vaccination and regular cervical smears
Ovarian Cancer
- Often diagnosed late due to vague symptoms like bloating and fatigue
- Risk increases with age and family history
- Family or personal history of breast cancer may increase the risk of ovarian cancer
BRCA Gene Mutations:
These are two gene mutations that can cause a higher than average risk of ovarian cancer. They run in families, and again it’s not just down your mother’s side of the family. It is also important to look at your father’s side of the family.
These gene mutations can also cause an increased risk of pancreatic cancer and melanoma (skin cancer). Prostate cancer and male breast cancer can also occur in these families.
If you think you have an above-average incidence of any of these cancers in your family, you may need to be referred for a genetic test. The ‘rule of thumb’ is if you have three or more first-degree relatives (sister, brother, mother or father) with these types of cancers, you would be deemed to be at higher risk of having one of these gene mutations.
Vulval and Vaginal Cancers
- Rare, but increasing in older age groups
- Can cause itching, pain, and bleeding
- May look like a wart or an ulcer
- May cause pain or difficulty passing urine
- May cause pain during intercourse
Each type has its own symptoms and treatment pathway – knowing your body and seeking help early is always key.
Final Thoughts: Know the Signs, Take Action
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological cancer in Ireland. According to the National Cancer Registry Ireland, 80% of women have a 5-year survival rate.
The good news? Most cases are caught early and are treatable. If you’re experiencing symptoms like abnormal bleeding or persistent pelvic discomfort, don’t put it off. Your body knows when something isn’t right – and you deserve to be heard.
💬 Got questions? Want to learn more about your gynaecological health?
Leave a comment below or explore our services to speak to someone today.
